VIC Conveyancing, Supreme Court Civil and Companies
This bundle includes guides from the following three publications.
Recent updates can be viewed on Obiter - our News & Updates site.
Conveyancing VIC
A complete matter-management solution allowing conveyancers and support staff to run a busy conveyancing practice. Each step in the transaction is set out in sequential order with easy access to all required precedents and a simple but comprehensive commentary. Includes the By Lawyers Contract of Sale of Land.
Commentary covers all issues that arise regularly and more complex issues that arise from time to time. The publication includes our reference manuals 1001 Conveyancing Answers, 101 Section 32 Answers and 101 Section 27 Answers.
Popular precedents include:
- Contract of sale of land – By Lawyers
- Letter to council with outstanding rates and notice of acquisition
- Letter to water authority with outstanding rates and notice of acquisition
- Initial letter to purchaser
- Letter to vendor's solicitor with adjustments
- Letter to vendor enclosing transfer and goods declaration
- Direction to pay to purchaser's solicitor
- Letter to purchaser after settlement
- General advice to purchaser
- Letter to discharging mortgagee requesting discharge
- Contract of Sale of Real Estate
Supreme Court Civil VIC
This comprehensive and easy to follow publication provides commentary and precedents for the conduct of Supreme Court proceedings when acting for either a plaintiff or defendant and includes a supplementary enforcement guide, demonstrating the use of precedents guide and 101 subpoena answers reference manual.
From letters of demand and offers of compromise to final hearing, appeals and enforcement, this publication provides focused and practical guidance on procedure and documents and is a must-have for all lawyers acting for clients in the Supreme Court.
Popular precedents provided with this guide include:
- Library of letters of demand and example response to letter of demand
- Example offer of compromise and Calderbank offer
- Library of example consent orders
- Example content for seeking injunctive relief
- Example terms of settlement
- Example deeds of release
- Library of events for initiating application
- Example defence
- Example content for substituted service, and amending initiating application
- Example content for interlocutory steps including cross claim, defence to cross claim, summary judgment, summary dismissal, consolidation, security for costs, default judgment, and notice of discontinuance – content for both application and affidavits in support
- Example interrogatories, and content for setting aside subpoenas and notices to produce
- Example letter instructing expert witness and enclosing Expert Witness Code of Conduct
Companies, Trusts, Partnerships and Superannuation
This valuable publication provides a simple guide to companies, trusts, partnerships, joint ventures and superannuation, with all commonly required documents, allowing you to advise and service your clients with confidence.
Superannuation is explained simply and comprehensively, and is accompanied by a full suite of precedents, including everything needed to set-up, run and amend a self managed superannuation fund.
The commentary provides a tax and succession planning overview sufficient for most circumstances found in general practice.
Recent updates can be viewed on Obiter - our News & Updates site.
Some of the most popular precedents included in this publication:
- Comparative table of business structures
- Limited recourse borrowing documentation
- Company constitution
- Company resolution
- Shareholder agreement (long and short forms)
- Agreement for sale of shares
- SMSF trust deed and rules
- Binding death benefit nomination
- Unit trust
- Discretionary trust deed
- Hybrid trust
- Joint venture agreement
- Partnership agreement
- Put and Call option
- Charitable trust
Guides in this publication
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SALE OF REAL PROPERTY (VIC)
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PURCHASE OF REAL PROPERTY (VIC)
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1001 Conveyancing Answers (VIC)
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101 Section 32 Answers (VIC)
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101 Section 27 Answers (VIC)
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ACTING FOR THE PLAINTIFF - SUPREME COURT (VIC)
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ACTING FOR THE DEFENDANT - SUPREME COURT (VIC)
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ENFORCEMENT (VIC)
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101 Subpoena Answers
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Demonstrating the use of precedents
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Business structures and the comparative table
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COMPANIES
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TRUSTS
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PARTNERSHIPS
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JOINT VENTURES
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SELF MANAGED SUPERANNUATION FUNDS
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“ Commentaries ”
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“ While references to legislation and courts in this guide are NSW based, unless otherwise stated, the general law relating to subpoenas does not differ between states – only the procedure in some respects. In some Australian jurisdictions the term ‘summons’ is used instead of ‘subpoena’, as in ... ”
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“ Uniform evidence law applies in NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and the Territories. However there are variations between the various Evidence Acts in these jurisdictions. There is a useful comparative chart prepared by the Commonwealth Attorney-General’s Department regarding differences between the ... ”
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“ One of the most important things to know about subpoena law is the so called ‘implied undertaking’, also known as the ‘Harman undertaking’, or the ‘Hearne v Street undertaking’. The common law provides that production of and access to documents under subpoena, even without any other court order, is ... ”
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“ One needs a good understanding of the law and practice relating to subpoenas to be able to advise and assist clients who receive a subpoena. Such an understanding will then make you far better equipped to draft and issue subpoenas for clients who are parties to litigation. Once you understand and ... ”
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“ Recipients of subpoenas are usually strangers to the court case in which the subpoena is issued. The subpoena comes as a surprise and an unwelcome imposition. Unless they are familiar with litigation, or have received subpoenas before, they will be unlikely to know what to do and may feel angry, ... ”
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“ Unfortunately, given the unwelcome impost that a subpoena constitutes, one of the most common responses for clients who receive a subpoena is to ignore it and hope it goes away. This, of course, almost never works. A subpoena is a court order. It cannot be ignored. Failure to comply with it may ... ”
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“ At the other end of the spectrum, is another inappropriate but very common response to a subpoena, especially a poorly drafted one which calls for ‘All documents about X’, where your client receives the subpoena and immediately brings their life and/or their business to a screaming halt so that ... ”
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“ It is important to read a subpoena carefully when it is received as there is a lot of helpful information on the subpoena itself such as: Out of which jurisdiction/court and in what type of proceedings was it issued? For example, is it a criminal, civil or family law case? ”
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“ The majority of subpoenas are not objectionable, or at least perhaps not worth objecting to. A reasonably precise call in a subpoena for a limited number of clearly identifiable and uncontroversial documents, that your client has in their possession or control and that are clearly relevant to the ... ”
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“ Once instructions have been taken and the scope of the subpoena considered, if there are, or may be, any objections they should be communicated to the issuing party. Technically, documents should be produced to the court, subject to the objection: see Objections below. Where the nature of the ... ”
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“ In criminal cases s 225 of the Criminal Procedure Act 1986 (NSW) provides that a person named in a subpoena is not required to produce any document or thing if it is not specified or sufficiently described in the subpoena. This is basically a matter of common sense. If a subpoena does not describe ... ”
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“ The threshold issue for production of documents under any subpoena is the requirement that there be a legitimate forensic purpose (LFP) for the documents sought. If there is not, then the subpoena, or the objectionable part of it, will be set aside as an abuse of process. There is extensive ... ”
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“ In criminal cases Alister and Saleam have been applied, and the ‘on the cards’ test approved, in cases such as Attorney General for New South Wales v Dylan Chidgey [2008] NSW CCA 65 and Perish v R; Lawton v R [2015] NSWCCA 237 at [56] – [57]. There is always a difficult balancing act for a court ... ”
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“ The leading NSW civil case is Waind v Hill and National Employers’ Mutual General Association [1978] 1 NSWLR 372 per Moffitt P at 379-382 and was followed in such cases as A v Z [2007] NSWSC 899; ICAP Pty Ltd & Ors v Moebes & Anor [2009] NSWSC 306 and McLaughlin v Dungowan Manly Pty Ltd [2009] ... ”
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“ In the federal jurisdiction, the requirement for an issuing party to establish LFP is well recognised via such cases as: Re Trade Practices Commission v Arnotts Limited; Arnott’s Biscuits Limited; Fledspac Pty Limited and the Dickens Corporation Pty Limited [1989] FCA 248; ”
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“ Subpoenas in family law cases, even though they are civil cases and the above federal authorities apply, are effectively a different category. In the family law jurisdiction, there are no pleadings as such, merely an Application and a Response, supported by affidavit evidence and almost anything ... ”
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“ Most often the LFP objection will relate to the breadth of the subpoena - the failure to limit the call in the schedule to identifiable and relevant documents only, thereby potentially capturing documents for which there is no LFP. Often a subpoena will be drafted carelessly so as to seek documents ... ”
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“ A subpoena may be oppressive if it places an undue burden on the producing party to produce documents that do not have sufficient relevance. This is a balancing exercise, intrinsically connected to LFP. Where a subpoena causes unreasonable trouble and expense to your client then an objection is ... ”
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“ Public interest immunity (PII) is a substantive common law privilege and can be claimed by governments over confidential information, the disclosure of which would damage the public interest. It was articulated in Alister v R [1984] HCA 85 and has frequently been claimed, considered and applied ... ”
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“ There are numerous pieces of legislation which protect documents from production under subpoena. Mostly, those documents will be held by government departments or agencies. In many of those instances, there is no point issuing a subpoena for such documents as they cannot and will not be produced ... ”
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“ Legal Professional Privilege (LPP) is a complex area. It exists in both common law and by virtue of ss 117-119 Evidence Act 1995 and it depends which jurisdiction you are in as to which iteration applies. See: Dr Michael Van Thanh Quach v MLC Life Limited (No 2) [2019] FCA 1322 at [11]. Both forms ... ”
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“ If the subpoena is pressed over your objection you will need to file the appropriate document to bring the objection before the Court. If unsure, check the rules of the Court in which the subpoena is issued or ask the Court registry. The procedure varies not just from state to state, but from court ... ”
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“ In civil cases Part 33 Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 (NSW) contains the provisions relating to subpoenas. In other jurisdictions see: r 414 Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 1999 (Qld); Order 42-42A Supreme Court (General Procedure) Rules 2015 (Vic) In criminal cases subpoenas are covered in s 220 ... ”
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“ A subpoena is a tactical tool in litigation, but should be employed as part of the overall strategy. A subpoena allows you to obtain evidence that might support your client’s case. It should be an integral part of the case theory. You should issue a subpoena to obtain documents that are likely to ... ”
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“ In short – not too early, but not too late! As noted above, the subpoenas that need to be issued initially will become evident from your instructions and your formulation of a case theory. Those subpoenas can and should be issued as early as reasonably possible, to start building your case. ... ”
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“ Applying to the court The procedure for issuing subpoenas and inspecting documents is set out in the applicable civil or criminal procedure rules for each jurisdiction and covered in various levels of detail on the various court websites. See the Victorian County Court website, for example, which ... ”
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“ Who is the right recipient Subpoenas need to be addressed to a person. ”
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“ Scenario: Your client Vicki Victim is the plaintiff in a civil claim for damages against Peter Puncher for injuries sustained as a result of an assault upon your client, which occurred in the foyer of a branch of the Institutional Bank of Australia, where Mr Puncher has since been convicted by the ... ”
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“ Always check the specific rules for service for the court where you are issuing the subpoena: see the links to court websites in Power to Issue a Subpoena above or Further Information below. Generally, subpoenas require personal service, unless they are directed to police or other public officers. ... ”
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“ An addressee need not comply with the requirements of a subpoena unless conduct money has been handed or tendered to the addressee a reasonable time before the date on which attendance is required. See r 33.6 Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 (NSW) and s 224 Criminal Procedure Act 1986 (NSW); r 419 ”
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“ In criminal proceedings, generally only a party to the proceedings can seek or obtain a costs order. A third-party recipient of a subpoena is not a party: s 221 Criminal Procedure Act 1986 (NSW). However, some jurisdictions differ – Queensland legislation specifically provides that a subpoenaed ... ”
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“ A subpoena is a court order requiring production of stated documents to the court. Even if there is an objection, unless the objection is for oppression or relates to public interest immunity, then the documents should be produced, subject to the objection. The way to deal with this is to produce ... ”
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“ It is common that the recipient does not produce the required documents within the time stipulated in the subpoena. In the event this occurs, the recipient and issuing party should agree on a later date for production. The issuing party should then attend court on the return date and advise the ... ”
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“ As a subpoena is an order of the court, any failure to comply is contempt of court and the non-complying recipient can be dealt with for contempt. Rule 33.12 Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 provides for this explicitly. The rules also provide for an arrest warrant to issue where non-compliance ... ”
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“ When a subpoena is issued the documents are produced to the court, not to you. This is fundamental and clearly stated on the subpoena. However, it is surprising how often subpoena recipients, especially those who have not had much prior experience with court proceedings, will respond to a subpoena ... ”
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“ Access to, or inspection of, documents produced under subpoena is governed by the rules of court applicable to the various jurisdictions and always at the court’s discretion - see, for example, r 33.8 Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 (NSW). It is important to know how access orders are dealt with ... ”
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“ In the legal profession the term ‘costs’ refers to the fees and other expenses a solicitor charges a client for their professional services and other payments that arise out of the provision of legal services, including disbursements such as court fees. Costs are one of the most heavily regulated ... ”
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“ Nature of disclosure1 Timing of disclosure2 ”
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“ Costs disclosure is not required in relation to certain clients, described in the legislation as ‘sophisticated clients’ or ‘government or commercial clients’ as defined by the relevant legislation to include clients such as lawyers, law firms, public companies, liquidators and government entities. ... ”
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“ Cost agreements are not always required although clearly as between the practitioner and their client there will be disclosure but without the need for formal compliance with the regulation. The limits are: ”
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“ In NSW & VIC there is a standard costs disclosure for fees under $3,000 which is included in the precedents. If the total legal costs in a matter (excluding GST and disbursements) are not likely to exceed $3,000 (the higher threshold), a law practice may, instead of making a disclosure under ... ”
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“ Knowing that clients are disinclined to read, sign and return cost agreements, the letter sending them usually provides that unless heard to the contrary the practice will assume agreement. There will almost always be a later opportunity to have the agreement signed. Of course, many practitioners ... ”
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“ Costs are remuneration for professional work when acting in the capacity of a barrister or solicitor. Payments to a practitioner for work which is not professional work, are not costs. Disbursements are payments made, or liabilities incurred in the course of practice and which the practitioner is ... ”
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“ Firms are required to provide an estimate of the total of costs, excluding GST and disbursements, and information on the impact of any significant change to these costs. A law practice must take all reasonable steps to satisfy itself that the client has understood and consented to the proposed ... ”
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“ What is a disbursement Disbursements are payments made, or liabilities incurred in the course of practice, and which the practitioner is bound to pay whether put in funds by the client or not; or payments which, by established custom and practice of the profession, the practitioner is bound to pay. ... ”
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“ A lawyer may request money on account of fees be paid into a trust account before the commencement of work. This is particularly so in criminal and other court matters where the inclination to pay may wane with an unwanted outcome. The funds may cover legal fees as well as disbursements and the ... ”
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“ The costs agreement will set out the billing cycle. Commonly a regular monthly billing cycle is adopted covering work undertaken during the previous month. ”
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“ A lump sum invoice is one which sets out a recital describing the legal service provided and a total amount. An itemised invoice is one which sets out in detail each of the legal services provided, the date they were provided, and the cost for each service. An itemised invoice allows for an invoice ... ”
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“ A law practice cannot charge for the time spent in preparing an invoice. A law practice cannot charge for the time spent in preparing an itemised invoice for a client who has already received a lump sum invoice. ”
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“ All bills should be accompanied by a written statement setting out the avenues that are open to the client in the event of a dispute and any time limits that apply to the taking of such action. Under the uniform law in NSW and VIC each bill or covering letter must be signed by a principal of the ... ”
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“ In 1991 the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission released guidelines to assist businesses in the withdrawal on one and two cent pieces. In the purchase of goods or services for cash, businesses were advised to round the final payment: ”
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“ – When to charge and how to charge Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a broad-based tax of 10% applied to most goods and services, including legal services. Businesses are required to register for GST if their turnover exceeds the $75,000 threshold. If turnover is less than $75,000 than registration ... ”
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“ Reducing fees can create good will but needs to be handled with care as some take offence to the implication that they cannot afford to pay for the work they have retained. It is also a hard won reality that comes from experience that people are inclined not to value any advice given for free. ”
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“ Credit terms are quite common and need to be clearly documented and administered. ”
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“ Notification of rights is a requirement in all states and is found in all example invoice precedents. If the client has not been advised of their rights in a costs agreement, then practitioners must advise the client of their rights at the time of issuing the invoice. ”
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“ Monthly accounting for work in progress is recommended in order to achieve target lockup days. If debtors are not followed up promptly cash flow reduces making it imperative to adopt a debtor’s policy for effective debtor control. All overdue accounts must be followed up promptly and repeatedly. ”
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“ When a retainer is terminated before completion, a practitioner may claim costs for the work done to the date of termination on a quantum meruit basis if: The client terminates the entire retainer; ”
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“ When there are costs owing to the practitioner from the client, the lawyer may retain possession of the client’s documents which are legitimately in the practitioner’s possession. However, the Australian Solicitors’ Rules specify that when a practitioner claims to exercise a lien for unpaid legal ... ”
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“ If a practitioner has an equitable charge over the client’s property incorporated into the costs agreement, ordinarily the practitioner could exercise that power in seeking payment of costs. However, general charges such as a charge over ‘all my estate, rights, title and interest in and to any real ... ”
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“ Sound financial management is absolutely critical to the success of the law practice. There is a high correlation between practices with poor financial management and increased probability of experiencing professional negligence claims. The link is clear. Principals, who do not manage their ... ”
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“ Methods of payment include: Credit card; ”
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“ All By Lawyers cost agreements include the following authority to transfer money to pay their invoices: Trust money ”
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“ Lawcover recommends that practitioners use the costs assessment scheme to recover costs. Instituting proceedings against a disgruntled client who refuses to pay an outstanding bill exposes practitioners to the risk of a cross-claim in negligence being filed. The advantage of the cost assessment ... ”
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“ The following outline of costs assessment was written for NSW but the procedure is similar in the other states. This publication will be expanded to cover cost assessment in the other states in due course. In the interim refer to the relevant State Supreme Court. NSW Procedure ”
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“ A client may be entitled to complain to the Legal Services Commissioner about a costs dispute. If the complaint is made after the law practice or client has already applied for assessment of such costs, the assessment will ordinarily be stayed until the complaint has been determined. Similarly, if ... ”
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“ County Court Victoria County Court Victoria - Civil practice notes ”
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“ Magistrates’ Court Civil Supreme Court Civil ”
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“ When a judgment has been obtained in a civil matter and the judgment remains unsatisfied, enforcement proceedings become necessary. Limitation periods ”
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“ Anyone who is entitled to enforce a judgment for a debt or for some other matter, may, without notice to the person bound by the judgment, apply to the court under Order 67 for a Summons to Attend for Oral Examination, requiring that the person attend for examination by the court officer of a ... ”
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“ The procedure in the Magistrates' Court is slightly different to that in the Supreme and County Courts. It prescribes the examination documents for the judgment debtor to complete and on which the registrar conducts the examination. In the higher jurisdictions Order 67 does not prescribe the ... ”
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“ In the Magistrates' Court A deputy registrar at the closest court location to where the debtor lives conducts the examination, which is based on the questionnaire in the Examination of a Judgment Debtor form. The registrar will ask additional questions of the debtor as they consider necessary, and ... ”
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“ Oral examinations are also conducted under ss 13 and 17 of the Judgment Debt Recovery Act 1984. These examinations are conducted pursuant to r 61.04 rather than Order 67. JDRA examinations are only appropriate where: ”
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“ Instalment order Any of the Supreme, County or Magistrates' Courts may make an order under the Judgment Debt Recovery Act 1984 allowing for payment of the debt by instalments, though applications in the Magistrates' and County Courts are the most usual: s 3. The order may be made either at the time ... ”
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“ For an instalment order – Magistrates' Court The procedure is governed by Order 61 of the Magistrates Court General Civil Procedure Rules 2010. ”
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“ If a debtor is concerned that a creditor may take steps to attach wages or seize property, it is sensible to apply for this order before the creditor seeks other forms of execution. While an instalment order is in force and being complied with, it operates as a stay of enforcement or execution of ... ”
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“ Once the instalment order application is filed with the court, the court officer (the registrar or prothonotary, as the case may be) will consider the application, make the order and advise the parties of the outcome in writing. The court officer can grant or refuse an application, with or without ... ”
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“ The debtor and the creditor can agree to an instalment order: s 7 Judgment Debt Recovery Act 1984. In the Magistrates’ Court, an instalment order by agreement is obtained by filing: ”
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“ Under s 17(1) Judgment Debt Recovery Act 1984 if a judgment debtor defaults on an instalment order, the judgment creditor can apply for an issue of a summons for examination compelling the debtor's examination by the court. The affidavit in support must give evidence that the instalment order was ... ”
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“ An Attachment of Earnings Order is obtainable in the Supreme, County or Magistrates' courts, requiring the debtor's employer to deduct instalments from the debtor's wages and forward that money to the creditor. An Attachment of Earnings Order cannot be made if the debtor receives social security ... ”
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“ At the hearing, the creditor must supply the debtor’s employment details. This includes the amount the debtor is paid, the frequency of payments and the ongoing nature of the debtor's employment. The registrar will be unable to make an order without these details. The court can direct the debtor's ... ”
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“ If the debtor is owed money by a third party, the creditor may apply to any of the Supreme, County or Magistrates' Courts for an order to compel the third party to pay that money directly to the creditor. The procedure comes under Order 71 of the civil rules in all three jurisdictions. Order 71 of ... ”
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“ An application for a Warrant to Seize Property is made by the creditor filing with the court: at least two copies of the warrant, together with the filing fee, for issue; ”
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“ The sheriff is directed by the warrant document to attend at a Victorian premise where the debtor has assets. If payment is not made, the sheriff can enter a property, using reasonable force, and seize assets belonging to the debtor sufficient to satisfy the debt: ss 19 and 21 Sheriff Act 2009. The ... ”
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“ This warrant, formerly known as a writ of fieri facias or fi fa, is used to enforce a judgment against land owned by the debtor, although it can apply to both land and goods. Fi fa was replaced by the warrant of seizure and sale with the review of the Supreme Court Rules in 2005. When used to levy ... ”
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“ If the debtor is the registered proprietor of land, prompt service of the warrant on the Registrar of Titles is essential to protect the judgment creditor's interests. Until it is served and a memorandum of service entered in the register in accordance with s 52(4) Transfer of Land Act 1958: ”
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“ The sheriff must strictly conduct the sale and transfer. Section 208(3) of the Property Law Act 1958 requires the sale to be advertised in accordance with the Supreme Court Rules and a minimum of one month's notice of the intended sale to be given. Sales are strictly cash, bank cheque or solicitors ... ”
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“ The chances of a sale and transfer within the three-month period are quite slim. Realistically, a great percentage of these warrants do not proceed to a sheriff's sale. Most are satisfied, in whole or in part, stalled or defeated by other dealings. However, the threat of a sale, particularly the ... ”
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“ If the judgment debtor satisfies the demand without a sale proceeding, he is entitled to a satisfaction piece, a document analogous to a discharge of mortgage. Various forms of satisfaction are available depending on the circumstances, all requiring the judgment creditor to acknowledge payment in ... ”
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“ The sheriff can deduct all reasonable expenses incurred in executing a warrant, including agent costs and expenses in selling the property, from the proceeds of sale before applying the balance to the amount payable under the warrant: s 32 Sheriff Act 2009. The priority of payments then is: first ... ”
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“ A warrant is valid for 12 months after issue. The court may, before a warrant expires, extend the period of validity of a warrant, but any extensions cannot extend the warrant’s validity beyond the period of one year from when it would have otherwise expired. Thus, the maximum life of a warrant is ... ”
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“ Proceeds from a sheriff’s sale are not received in the normal course of business and are subject to clawback if the debtor becomes bankrupt: s 118 Bankruptcy Act 1966. ”
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“ Order 66 – Enforcement of judgments and orders. References to court rules in this section are uniform across the Supreme, County and Magistrates' Courts unless otherwise shown. ”
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“ Issuing a warrant for possession Judgments for the possession of land are enforced by a warrant of possession under r 66.03 Supreme Court (General Civil Procedure) Rules 2015. This is an order of the court directed to the sheriff, requiring him to enter the property and give possession of it to the ... ”
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“ The judgment creditor may apply for an order without notice to any person. The application must be supported by an affidavit: ”
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“ These are actions for contempt of court. Sequestration removes property from its owner by judicial authority. Committal imposes imprisonment. ”
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“ This is by summons with supporting affidavit, a sealed copy of which must be served on each person bound. In the case of a company, a copy of the summons and affidavits in support must also be served on the officer whose property is sought to be sequestered: r 76.04. The order must appoint no fewer ... ”
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“ At common law, a defendant in breach of an order to do a certain act was arrested for this contempt by a warrant of attachment. A defendant in breach of an order to abstain from doing a certain act was arrested under a warrant of commitment. Under r 66.05 of the Supreme Court (General Civil ... ”
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“ In addition to the other measures for enforcing a judgment, a judgment for the payment of money, including a judgment for the payment of money into court, may be enforced by the appointment of a receiver of the income of the property of the person bound by the judgment, or committal: r 39.02. ”
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“ Reciprocation between states and territories ”
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“ Reciprocating countries Judgments made in superior and specified inferior courts outside Australia by reciprocating countries such as New Zealand, Papua New Guinea and the United Kingdom are enforced by registration under the Foreign Judgments Act 1991 (Cth). The Foreign Judgments Regulations 1992 ... ”
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